2015/11/30

El mundo en 2016 y su efecto en instrumentos

El riesgo de una inflación más rápida de lo esperado es más probable que una contracción global. Sin embargo, podemos plantear dos supuestos para el mundo.

Ashley  Kindergan
Ashley Kindergan
Editora en The Financialist, Credit Suisse.
Un poco más de lo mismo. Esa es la clase de año que 2016 promete ser, de acuerdo a la perspectiva anual Global Markets de Credit Suisse.
Los mercados se mantendrán obsesionados con el cuándo, y cuánto la Reserva Federal elevará las tasas de interés (cuatro veces a partir de diciembre por un total de 1 punto porcentual, creemos.) Nuestro equipo proyecta que el crecimiento económico mundial se levantará, impulsado por la mejora en EE.UU. y Europa, en un contexto en que las políticas de los bancos centrales divergen más, y el dólar seguirá apreciándose. 
Pero, por supuesto, hay riesgos a todos los pronósticos. Si las cosas van demasiado bien en el mundo desarrollado -particularmente en Estados Unidos- la inflación podría acelerarse más rápido de lo previsto, lo que llevaría a una política monetaria más restrictiva de lo esperado. Por otro lado, un colapso en la inversión china podría ofrecer un "choque devastador" para la economía mundial. 
Esperamos que la inflación en muchos países rebote desde los actuales mínimos en la medida en que el crecimiento mundial se acelera ligeramente y los precios del crudo comienzan a subir. Prevemos que el IPC de EE.UU. subirá desde 0,2% en 2015 al 1,4% en 2016, y de 0,1% a 0,9% en Europa y el Reino Unido. En cuanto a Japón, parece que la isla está una vez más en peligro de caer en la trampa que ha tenido tantos problemas para evitar: la desinflación. Consideramos que la inflación japonesa declinará desde 0,5% a 0,3%, siendo el próximo año positivo, pero por poco.
La sorpresa alcista
Por supuesto, siempre existe la posibilidad de que la inflación aumente más rápidamente en las economías desarrolladas, en particular en Estados Unidos. El PIB trimestral ha promediado 2,5% desde 2013, superando las estimaciones del potencial de la economía. Esto nos permite simplificar: si una economía crece más rápido que su potencial durante un período sostenido, ésta debe pasar por un bache de inflación. Con un desempleo en el 5%, EE.UU. está en pleno empleo o cerca de él, y si el mercado laboral sigue mejorando, los empleadores puede que tengamos que empezar a ofrecer salarios más altos para atraer a los trabajadores, empujando más la inflación. 
Los hogares estadounidenses también están empezando a asumir más deuda, y las estadísticas de la Reserva Federal muestran que los bancos han aumentado los préstamos a las empresas a su mayor nivel desde 2010. La inflación tiende a realizar un seguimiento de la oferta de crédito, así como el crédito crece, también lo harán los precios.
Los mercados no están preparados para un dramático aumento de la inflación. Los inversores esperan que ésta alcance un 1,89% en cinco años, muy por debajo del promedio de 2,4% de los últimos tres años. Si la inflación se acelera, las expectativas de los inversores de bonos sobre la trayectoria política de la Reserva Federal se volverían más duras, lo que lleva a una ola de ventas en bonos a más largo plazo. Aumentos de la tasa de interés más rápido de lo esperado también podría frenar el entusiasmo de los consumidores por la compra de artículos caros que podrían requerir de un préstamo.
La sorpresa bajista
Un escenario más aterrador: esto apunta a la posibilidad de que el gobierno chino y las empresas privadas reduzcan la inversión en infraestructura, maquinaria y bienes en una cantidad inesperadamente grande. 
La inversión china es ahora más grande en términos de dólares que el consumo de Estados Unidos, y el país desempeña un papel crítico en la fabricación mundial -tanto como exportador de bienes manufacturados y como importador de materias primas y equipos-. Una inesperada desaceleración en la inversión china podría provocar una recesión mundial, y los ya sufrientes exportadores de productos materias primas absorberían un golpe particularmente duro.
En ese escenario, el estímulo fiscal sería el mejor antídoto, dice Credit Suisse. Los estudios sugieren que cada punto porcentual del PIB gastado en medidas fiscales añade un 1,5% al crecimiento económico. Por desgracia, es poco probable que las grandes economías reduzcan los impuestos o aumenten el gasto, incluso a la luz de una profunda conmoción en el crecimiento. 
Estados Unidos estará en medio de una elección presidencial, y será difícil ver a los gobiernos europeos coordinando un amplio estímulo fiscal, especialmente teniendo en cuenta las estrictas normas de déficit presupuestario de la región.
Eso nos deja a la política monetaria. El Banco Central Europeo y el Banco de Japón podrían añadir poder a sus programas de flexibilización cuantitativa existentes, mientras que Estados Unidos y el Banco de Inglaterra podría comenzar otros nuevos. Además, la flexibilización cuantitativa podría apuntalar a los activos de riesgo, pero a un costo. Mientras que ésta mejora las condiciones de liquidez en tiempos de crisis del mercado, proporcionando una fuente de demanda a mercados de renta fija que se encuentran paralizados, las compras de activos masivos también tienen el efecto de reducir la liquidez en tiempos menos turbulentos al disminuir la oferta de bonos disponibles.
Los responsables de política parecen más propensos a promover las tasas de depósito negativas, cobrando a los bancos comerciales para depositar el exceso de efectivo en los bancos centrales. El Banco Central Europeo y el Banco Nacional Suizo podrían elevar aún más las tasas en territorio negativo, mientras que los bancos centrales como el Banco de Japón y el Banco de Inglaterra podrían adoptarlos por primera vez.
Mientras que las tasas negativas son buenas para devaluar las monedas, aún no han demostrado ser eficaces en la estimulación de la demanda interna. La idea de tasas negativas es que sea más atractivo prestar el dinero a que lo mantenga el banco. Debido a las preocupaciones sobre la nueva regulación, sin embargo, los bancos comerciales europeos han estado reticentes a ello, lo que significa que las empresas y los hogares no tienen incentivos para gastar en lugar de ahorrar.
La devaluación aumenta las exportaciones, pero es un juego de suma cero. Estados Unidos, que seguramente no adoptará tasas negativas, probablemente verá a un dólar apreciándose más rápido y a las exportaciones bajando si los bancos centrales impulsan más tasas negativas. "En conjunto, esa respuesta de política es poco probable que entregue un estímulo de amplia base para revertir la recesión a nivel mundial", escribe el equipo de Credit Suisse.
Con todo, creemos que el riesgo de una inflación más rápida de lo esperado es mucho más probable que una contracción de la inversión en china. Los economistas del banco esperan que la economía del gigante asiático empiece a estabilizarse en el primer semestre de 2016, y prevén un crecimiento del PIB del 6,5% para el año entrante, ligeramente por debajo del 6,8% de 2015. 
Sin embargo, dado el potencial impacto global de los problemas en China,y la posible la falta de voluntad política para responder apropiadamente, el riego por China no es algo como para ignorar.

Cristina Fernández emite deuda para ampliar el presupuesto a días de dejar el poder

Los incrementos presupuestarios se realizan en un marco de alta emisión de moneda y un déficit fiscal que podría alcanzar este año un 7,2% del PIB.

El Gobierno de Cristina Fernández anunció la emisión de deuda interna cuando faltan diez días para traspasar la presidencia al opositor Mauricio Macri. La Mandataria argentina decidió por decreto modificar el presupuesto nacional para 2015 para afrontar los gastos por aumentos de sueldos del personal de las fuerzas de seguridad y de las Fuerzas Armadas, la creación de nuevas fiscalías, capacitación, obras y programas como "Fútbol para Todos". 


El decreto presidencial autoriza al Estado a emitir "un instrumento de deuda interna con vencimiento en el mes de febrero de 2018" por $ 4.300 millones de pesos argentinos, lo que equivale a unos US$ 443 millones. También se dispuso la emisión de dos pagarés del Gobierno trasandino por US$ 1.145 millones, que se emitirán el 9 de diciembre próximo, un día antes del cambio de mando con Macri, de la alianza opositora Cambiemos. Los pagarés vencerán el próximo 8 de marzo. 

Ya en septiembre pasado, el Gobierno había dispuesto ampliar el presupuesto nacional para el año en curso en unos US$ 2.689 millones. Los incrementos presupuestarios se realizan en un marco de alta emisión de moneda y un déficit fiscal que podría alcanzar este año un 7,2% del PIB, según una estimación de la Auditoría General de la Nación.

Fuente: Emol.com  

BTG Pactual asegura que las operaciones en Chile "se desarrollan normalmente"

Además, el gerente general del banco de inversiones en el país, Alejandro Montero, dijo que en el caso de las AFP, "la exposición a BTG Pactual no es material y todos los fondos suman menos de US$ 700 mil".

El gerente general de BTG Pactual, Alejandro Montero, en medio del escándalo que se produce en Brasil, hizo un llamado a la "tranquilidad" de sus clientes y contrapartes ya que las operaciones del banco de inversiones en Chile "se desarrollan normalmente". "En primer lugar, la matriz del banco ha tomado medidas para enfrentar esta situación", escribió el ejecutivo en un comunicado. Asimismo, destacó que las empresas BTG Pactual en Chile tienen un gobierno corporativo sólido, con base local, formado por socios y ejecutivos, incluyendo a Juan Andrés Camus, Jorge Errázuriz, Maximiliano Vial, y otros "de vasta trayectoria, reputación y experiencia en el mercado financiero chileno". 


También aseguró que "el banco tiene los más sólidos indicadores de liquidez y solvencia, con un indicador de Basilea (patrimonio sobre activos ponderados por riesgo de crédito) de 78,98 veces y un nivel reducido de captaciones en comparación con su patrimonio y disponibilidad de liquidez". Montero también hizo referencia, al igual que la superintendenta de pensiones, Tamara Agnic, a que en el caso de las AFP, "la exposición a BTG Pactual no es material y todos los fondos suman menos de US$ 700 mil". 

La gestión de los fondos se realiza de manera independiente y con patrimonios segregados. Finalmente, el ejecutivo comentó que "desde el primer minuto el equipo ejecutivo de BTG Pactual Chile ha estado en contacto proactivo con las autoridades de la Superintendencia de Valores y Seguros y de Bancos e Instituciones Financieras, para mantenerlos informado y entregarles una señal de tranquilidad en términos de la solidez del grupo de empresas en Chile". "Hemos estado en permanente contacto con todos nuestros clientes, y tomado las medidas darles tranquilidad de que las operaciones de BTG Pactual Chile se desarrollan normalmente", añadió.

Fuente: Emol.com - 

Bill Gates se la juega por las energías renovables y lanza multimillonario proyecto

Uno de los objetivos que tiene el plan desarrollado por el filántropo es mantener bajo los dos grados Celsius el aumento de la temperatura global.

Bill Gates presentará en la Cumbre del Cambio Climático, que se desarrolla desde este lunes en París, el multimillonario proyecto sobre energías renovables "Breakthrough Energy Coalition". El fondo será alimentado por un grupo que se extiende por más de dos docenas de entidades públicas y privadas en el que se incluyen gobiernos nacionales, millonarios filántropos, gestores de fondos de inversión y CEOs de empresas tecnológicas. "Las energías renovables que tenemos hoy en día, como la eólica y la solar, han hecho muchos progresos y podría ser un camino hacia un futuro de energía libre de carbono, sin embargo, dada la magnitud del desafío, tenemos que estar explorando muchos caminos diferentes, y eso significa que también tenemos que inventar nuevos enfoques ", dijo Gates en un comunicado citado por el sitio CNN Money. Entre la lista de los patrocinadores se encuentran Jack Ma ( Alibaba), Mark Zuckerberg (Facebook), Meg Whitman (HP) y Richard Branson (Virgin Group). 


El objetivo de ellos es que en conjunto con los gobiernos, dupliquen su gasto en desarrollo de la energía libre de carbono en los próximos cinco años, además de estimular esta nueva tecnología a la par para que el aumento de la temperatura global se mantenga bajo los dos grados Celsius. "Las compañías privadas, por último, van a desarrollar ese avance energético, pero su trabajo se basará en investigación que sólo los Gobiernos pueden financiar", agregó Gates. Según datos del Gobierno estadounidense, ese país gasta alrededor de US$ 5 millones en I+D, en comparación con los US$ 31 mil millones en investigación relacionada a la medicina y casi US$ 70 mil millones en defensa. 

Pero esta iniciativa no tiene una meta de recaudación para los inversionistas. Sin embargo, representa un monto importante para sembrar ideas prometedoras en la producción de este tipo de energía a gran escala mundial. El fondo dice que invertirá en términos generales que se centran en cinco áreas clave: generación de electricidad y el almacenamiento; transporte; usos industriales; agricultura; y los proyectos que hacen que los sistemas de energía sean más eficientes. Finalmente, Gates escribió que esta idea "podría ayudar a millones de personas a escapar de la pobreza y convertirlos más autoeficientes y se podrían estabilizar los precios de las energías, los cuales tendrán aún más impacto en la economía global a medida que la gente depende cada día más de ésta en su vida cotidiana".

Fuente: Emol.com -  

El mayor fondo de pensiones del mundo pierde US$ 64 mil millones por caída de bolsas chinas

El dinero de los pensionados de Japón sufrió esta fuerte pérdida en tres meses debido a la alta exposición de las inversiones en los mercados bursátiles.

El Fondo de Pensiones del Gobierno de Japón, considerado el mayor del mundo, informó este lunes que perdió 7,89 billones de yenes (unos US$ 64 mil millones) entre julio y septiembre. En este periodo el fondo, supervisado por el Ministerio de Trabajo, Salud y Bienestar nipón, registró una tasa de retorno negativa de 5,59%, la peor desde que empezó a publicar datos en 2008. La pérdida responde al cambio de orientación dictaminado por el Gobierno del primer ministro, Shinzo Abe, en octubre de 2014, cuando se aprobó duplicar el volumen de inversión en los mercado de valores y reducir el destinado a bonos soberanos. 


Esta mayor exposición a valores de riesgo y a la dirección general del mercado financiero nipón está detrás del rendimiento negativo durante un periodo, julio-septiembre, en el que el selectivo Nikkei de la Bolsa de Tokio cayó casi 14,5% arrastrado por las bolsas de China. Las participaciones del fondo de acciones japonesas perdieron casi un 8%, mientras que sus tenencias de valores internacionales se desplomaron un 11%. Japón tiene la población más antigua en el mundo: más de un cuarto de las personas son mayores de 65 años y casi 30.000 cumplieron 100 años el año pasado. El ahorro en el fondo de pensiones del Gobierno es obligatoria para todos los japoneses, y los gestores de inversiones se enfrentan a crecientes presiones para generar una mayor rentabilidad para la población que envejece rápidamente.

www.emol.com/ 

Study Seinfeld to Learn Everything You Need About Productivity

Study Seinfeld to Learn Everything You Need About Productivity

Productivity sucks.
For one, it's hard. I mean, let's face it -- when I sit down to "get something done," it almost never happens. At first, I thought it was just me. I thought that maybe there was some malfunction in my brain that made it physically impossible for me to focus on important tasks when the sweet, sweet Facebook newsfeed is only a click away.
And, unfortunately, you can't "will" yourself to be more productive with your time.
You're not a lemon. You can't just squeeze more juice out. It doesn't work like that, young padawan.
I'd always thought that the reason elite performers in the top 1 percent of their disciplines are able to do so much more than I is because they had some sort of x-factor that allowed them to work harder, longer and better than I do.
Or, I made up all these limiting self-beliefs that they had unfair advantages that I'd never have ("of course he's more productive than I am... he has a personal chef to cook for him while he's working"). All that is BS, naturally.
Then it occurred to me -- maybe it's not willpower at work here. Maybe these people aren't "forcing" themselves to get stronger, faster, smarter or more successful.
Maybe it goes much deeper.
Maybe the reason that the world's most productive people ARE so productive is because they have their entire life designed to get better at their work.

The Seinfeld solution.

In 1998, Jerry Seinfeld made $267 million from the ninth and final season of his hit show Seinfeld.
Yes, thats a quarter-billion dollars. No, that's not a typo. NBC begged him to do a 10th season to the tune of $5 million per episode for 22 episodes. He declined.
Needless to say, it was a great decade for him. But the 2000s have been quite good to him as well -- deals from syndication of his now classic show bring in a steady paycheck of about $32 million per year. Not bad, Jerry. Not bad at all.
But let's take it back. Back, before he was a borderline billionaire comedian. Back before he was even a household name.
How does one amass the talent, skill and productivity to write joke after joke, show after show, year after year at such a high level?
Comedian Brad Isaac shares the story of a chance encounter he had with Seinfeld backstage. He asked Jerry if he had any "tips for a young comic."
Here's how Brad describes the conversation: 
"He said the way to be a better comic was to create better jokes and the way to create better jokes was to write every day.
He told me to get a big wall calendar that has a whole year on one page and hang it on a prominent wall. The next step was to get a big red magic marker. He said for each day that I do my task of writing, I get to put a big red X over that day.
After a few days you'll have a chain. Just keep at it and the chain will grow longer every day. You'll like seeing that chain, especially when you get a few weeks under your belt. Your only job is to not break the chain."

Take note here.
You'll notice Jerry didn't mention anything about having good jokes. He didn't even mention how long the activity had to last. The task is very simple: write something every day, put an X on the calendar and don't break the chain.
It's almost simple enough to be counterintuitive -- but let's think about what's happening here. There are a few very sophisticated processes going on. Think about how you could use this model with the skill or process you're trying to become more productive with:

1. Doing something every day makes it a default behavior.

Most of us don't have to force ourselves to brush our teeth in the morning. There's no mental strain or cognitive dissonance with brushing your teeth. You just do it... because that's who you are. Seinfeld managed to integrate writing jokes into his routine day after day. Over time, he associated his identity with the writing and from there, it's much easier to follow through.

2. Default behaviors repeated daily become habits.

Habitual pursuits almost ALWAYS improve because of sheer frequency. In Jerry's case, writing every day ensures that he's bound to stumble on some funny material. After 365 days of straight writing you're guaranteed some nuggets of wisdom just by the sheer volume of material created over time.
In effect, you're using your own human tendency for habit creation to work AGAINST your natural tendency to procrastinate, stall and be otherwise unproductive. Rather than setting nebulous goals and hoping that you have the power to push through, you are actively installing new software (a.k.a. habit) in your brain's computer to ensure that the program (a.k.a. goal) gets run.
With consistency over time, the new software WILL get installed. You literally will not have a choice but to complete the habit every day. From there, success is on cruise control.
The only thing you have to do is NOT break the chain.

How it's worked for me.

I've had great success with hardwiring new habits into my daily rituals. The best part about creating a new habit is that after a while, you forget that it's a "new" habit. It becomes so natural that you no longer even need to keep track. It's just what you do. I've done this with a few different things that used to be a struggle for me to do consistently. Now I manage to do them every day without even a second thought:
  • Making my bed (was at a 67-day streak before I stopped tracking. My mom would be SHOCKED)
  • Meditating (was at a 70+ day streak before I didn't need to track anymore)
  • Reading (40+ days and counting)
  • and four or five other habits
But here's the catch...
  • Some days I was only able to throw the bed together.
  • Sometimes my meditation wasn't good.
  • Often I only read a few pages.
But none of that matters because above all, I did it every single day. Consistently. And I haven't stopped.
These may not seem like huge challenges, but imagine what it's like to string together weeks and weeks of things you previously struggled with. How else do you think I made over 100 posts in a few years? Like compound interest, effort over time adds up to create something much bigger than the sum of its parts.
This is the secret sauce. This is how the top 1 percent of all performers are productive at a level that seems impossible to us earthlings.
Before Michael Phelps won the most gold medals in history, he was on a 10+ year hot streak of not missing a single planned day of training. Don't be fooled, some of the days his training wasn't good. But he still showed up. It's that simple.

Don't break the chain.

Let's say you want to learn programming for your startup, but are overwhelmed by what you need to know. That's fine perfectly normal. Start with small bites. If you study programming, rain or shine, hell or high water, for 365 days in a row without breaking the chain, you will make progress. Period. Even if you consider yourself way below average at the beginning. At just an hour per day, that's almost 400 hours of consistent programming after a year. How good could you get at something with 400 hours?
It doesn't matter what the field, pursuit or project is. Consistency over time is mastery.
DANIEL DIPIAZZA
CONTRIBUTOR

Desperation Drives E.U. and Turkey Into a New Embrace

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  • E.U. will give Turkey an ‘initial’ €3 billion to stem migrant flows and unfreeze its bid to join the bloc.

    Desperation makes for strange bedfellows.
    On the one hand, the European Union, whose attempts to stop the biggest movement of migrants in Europe since World War 2 have failed dismally. On the other, Turkey, which finds itself under sudden and potentially acute economic pressure from Russia after shooting down one of its warplanes last week.
    After weeks of behind-the-scenes haggling, the two sides formally agreed a deal Sunday that will see the E.U. pay Turkey an initial €3 billion ($3.3 billion) to help it stop the flood of refugees and other migrants ‘not requiring international protection.’ Turkey had asked before the meeting for that amount to be paid every year, but the two sides left the issue of any future payments open.
    “We do not expect anyone to guard our borders for us,” E.U. Council president Donald Tusk said after them meeting. “That can and should only be done by Europeans. But we expect a major step towards changing the rules of the game when it comes to stemming the migration flow that is coming to the E.U. via Turkey.”
    A more radical outcome of the summit was the decision to revive talks on letting Turkey join the E.U., a process that has been effectively moribund for years.
    The irony is acute. Above all, it was popular hostility to Turkish migration into the E.U. that led the bloc to effectively suspend accession talks in 2010, although the formal reason was concerns about Turkey’s worsening record on human rights and judicial issues. If anything, the latter has deteriorated even further since 2010, as President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has cracked down on political opposition and dissenting media.
    But the flow of refugees and other migrants, largely from Syria, but also from Afghanistan, Pakistan and other countries, has pushed concerns about Turkish immigration and domestic repression way down the list of European concerns. Of much more concern now is the near-collapse of the E.U.’s internal border-free regime, as one member state after another has reinstated border checks and, in some cases, built physical barriers to stop illegal immigration. E.U. Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker warned last week that if the “Schengen” agreement on open internal borders falls apart, then Europe’s monetary union would soon follow.
    One of the first ‘chapters’ regarding Turkey’s accession to be revived will be an agreement on visa-free travel to the E.U. for Turkish citizens. The two sides said they will try to launch formal talks on this within a year (on the implicit conditions that Turkey meets conditions on tightening its borders in the east to Asian migrants). That development comes only two days after Russia unilaterally suspended its bilateral agreement with Turkey on visa-free travel.
    “Today is a historic day in our accession process to the EU,” Turkey’s Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu told reporters on arrival. “I am grateful to all European leaders for this new beginning.”

    Why Macri’s Win is Bad News for Argentina

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  • And the entire region

    The election of right-wing candidate Mauricio Macri as Argentina’s president on Sunday, which was unexpected just a few months ago, is a setback for Argentina and for South America.
    In the past 13 years, Argentina made enormous economic and social progress. Under the Kirchners (first Néstor and then Cristina Fernández de Kirchner), poverty fell by about 70%, and extreme poverty fell by 80%. (This is for 2003 to mid-2013, the last year for which independent estimates are available; they are also based on independent estimates of inflation.) Unemployment fell from more than 17.2% to 6.9%, according to the International Monetary Fund.
    But Daniel Scioli—the candidate of the Peronist “Front for Victory” party who represented the governing coalition, including President Fernández—did not do a good job defending these achievements. He also didn’t seem to make clear what he would do to fix the country’s current economic problems. In the past four years, growth has been slow (averaging about 1.1% percent), inflation has been high, and a black market for the dollar has developed. This gave Macri (and his “Cambiemos,” or “Let’s Change” coalition) an opening to present himself as the candidate of a better future.
    With skilled marketing help from an Ecuadorean public relations firm, Macri defined himself as something far more moderate than he is likely to be, winning over voters who might otherwise be afraid of a return to the pre-Kirchner depression years.
    Some of the things Macri has indicated he would do could have a positive impact, if done correctly. He will likely cut a deal with vulture funds that have been holding more than 90% of Argentina’s creditors hostage since New York judge Thomas Griesa ruled in 2014 that the government is not allowed to pay them. If the cost isn’t too high, it could reopen a path for Argentina to return to international borrowing—something Scioli would likely have also done.
    A liberalization of the exchange rate that got rid of the black market could be a big step forward. But much depends on how it is done: If it causes inflation to spike and the government does nothing to protect poor and working people, they could lose a lot.
    Macri may also take measures to bring down inflation, which is something that needs to be done, but he’s likely to do so by shrinking the economy. He wants to reduce the central government budget deficit, which will grow as a percentage of GDP with austerity. Given his ideology, there is serious risk of a downward spiral of austerity and recession, as the country suffered from 1998 to 2001. If there is inflation from the devaluation, this could make matters worse.
    In his campaign statements, Macri made it clear that he is against a government role in promoting industry, so the country’s economic development is likely to suffer as a result. He has proposed tax cuts for upper-income groups. That suggests that budget cuts are in the offing, since Macri has pledged to reduce the government budget deficit. The majority of Argentines are likely to suffer from such an economic transition.
    But Macri won’t have a working majority in Congress, so it’s unclear how much he can do. Immediately, he has demonstrated his overwhelming loyalty to the United States government, which had been previouslymade clear in confidential U.S. embassy cables published by WikiLeaks. One of his very first statements after being elected was to denounce Venezuela and threaten to have the country suspended from the Mercosur trading bloc of South American nations. The issue wasn’t of pressing concern to Argentine voters, so it may very well be related to a U.S.-led international campaign to delegitimize Venezuela’s government and the elections in the run up to its Dec. 6 elections.
    In joining the effort against Venezuela, Macri showed a willingness to take steps that no other South American president would do. In the past decade, South American presidents have repeatedly joined together to defend democracy in the region when it was under attack—with Washington on the other side—not only in Venezuela in 20142013, and 2002, but in Bolivia (2008), Honduras (2009), Ecuador (2010), and Paraguay (2012). Macri runs a serious risk of damaging relations in the Western Hemisphere if he continues down this road.
    Washington has maintained a policy of “rollback” and “containment” against almost all of the leftist governments that have won elections in the 21stcentury. So there is quite a bit of excitement among the business and foreign policy elite over the wave of setbacks among Latin America’s left, with Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff facing a recession and political crisis and Venezuela’s ruling Chavista party confronting an economic crisis and possible loss of its first national election in 17 years. Articles are already sprouting up, welcoming the long-awaited demise of the Latin American left.
    But reports of this demise, to paraphrase Mark Twain, are somewhat exaggerated. A more likely outcome is like what we saw in Chile, where a lackluster candidate was unable to take advantage of Socialist Party President Michelle Bachelet’s 80% approval rating and lost to a right-wing billionaire in 2010. He lasted four years, and then the country went back to Bachelet.
    Argentina and the surrounding region have changed too much over the past 15 years to return to the neoliberal, neocolonial past. The Washington foreign policy establishment may not understand this, but Macri’s handlers did. That’s why they took the trouble to package him as something very different from what he is.

    Mark Weisbrot is co-director of the Center for Economic and Policy Research in Washington, D.C., and the president of Just Foreign Policy. He is also the author of the new book Failed: What the ‘Experts’ Got Wrong About the Global Economy.

    In Win for Music Industry, 'Technological Neutrality' Falters in Canada

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  • Is the internet a “technological taxi?” Not anymore suggested the Supreme Court of Canada in a landmark copyright ruling.

    Should broadcasters pay extra when their digital-era tools result in additional copies? Yes, says a major court ruling, in what could be a potential windfall for copyright owners and a setback for technology advocates. The ruling came from the Supreme Court of Canada, which backed away from its earlier embrace of the internet as a “technological taxi” to create a new type of music royalty. The decision is important because it prunes the idea of “technological neutrality” for copyright, while coinciding with other recent rulings in favor of content owners in the U.S. and Germany.
    The Canadian case turned on when a broadcaster must pay royalties to a collection society, SODRAC, for reproducing music in a TV show. According to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, which brought the appeal to the Supreme Court, broadcasters should not have to pay extra for so-called “incidental copies” made in the course of preparing a master recording for a TV broadcast. The CBC argued instead that it had already paid once to obtain the music contained in the master copy, and again to “perform” the recording for its viewers—and that a handful of “incidental copies,” created for technical or regulatory reasons, should be included in those fees.
    A majority of the court disagreed. In a 7-2 decision, it found copies made for technical reasons are still copies, and that the CBC must get permission to make them. The decision is likely to mean higher royalty costs for the CBC, and also for many other TV and online broadcasters that use digital editing processes to prepare their shows. (That’s because, as the ruling notes, broadcasters create “broadcast-incidental” copies when they undertake run-of-the-mill tasks like transferring a file to a content management system or ensuring file format compatibility).
    The court’s conclusion is somewhat surprising since Canada received international attention in tech circlesin 2012 when it likened the internet to a “technological taxi” for copyright purposes. The metaphor came in a case involving royalties for video games purchased over the internet. The court explained, “In our view, there is no practical difference between buying a durable copy of the work in a store, receiving a copy in the mail, or downloading an identical copy using the Internet. The Internet is simply a technological taxi that delivers a durable copy of the same work to the end user.”
    The taxi metaphor also arrived as part of a larger call by the court for “technological neutrality” theory in copyright questions. Loosely described, this called for judges to eschew a formalistic approach to digital copying and instead to look at the underlying reason for the copies. For example, copies made in the course of processes like internet caching or streaming should not be treated as reproductions for copyright purposes. As such, last week’s ruling in the CBC case means the court is turning away from this functional approach in favor of a more literal one.
    This change of course, however, attracted some concern about the potential policy implications. In a sharp dissent, Justice Rosalie Abella suggested the court’s decision risked stunting digital technology while handing out gratuitous royalties. Here are some key passages (my emphasis):
    The Board’s decision to impose royalties on the CBC for the creation of copies made incidental to the activity of broadcastingamounts to finding that broadcasting in the digital era, as opposed to the pre-digital era, should be subject to two fees for the same activity […]
    The result of his approach is to penalize broadcasters for implementing advancements in
    broadcasting technologies by creating artificial entitlements to compensation
     under the Copyright Act for incidental activities that were never intended to be covered […]
    This results in the imposition of gratuitous costs on broadcasters merely for the use of more efficient technologies that do not engage with the legitimate interests of copyright holders
    Abella also quoted the director of the U.S. Copyright Office, Maria Pallante, who has observed that “new technologies have made it increasingly apparent that not all reproductions are equal in the digital age.” (U.S. courts do not appear to have weighed as yet on the”broadcast incidental” copies at issue in the Canadian case).
    The majority of the Canadian Supreme Court, however, rejected Abella’s criticism by saying theories of technological neutrality could not supplant the plain words of Canada’s Copyright Act.
    The immediate result of the decision is that the case will go back before the country’s Copyright Board so that the board may determine the appropriate fee CBC should pay for the work. More broadly, it could embolden royalty collection societies that represent music and video owners in Canada and elsewhere to become more aggressive in demanding money for other instances of “incidental” copying.
    Meanwhile, the Canadian ruling comes as content owners in the Germany and United States also notched major victories last week. In the latter case, a judge sided with the music industry and stripped awaythe so-called “safe harbor” that protected a cable company from being sued for copyright infractions carried out by its users. And in Germany, a court issued a ruling that copyright owners can orderinternet service providers to block piracy websites.
    Taken together, these cases suggest judges worldwide may be growing skeptical of legal theories and policies that are intended to promote digital innovation by restricting the reach of copyright.
    Here is a copy of the case (I’ve underlined some of the relevant parts of the dissent, which starts at paragraph 117). You can read more from those who like the decision here, and those who do not here.

    More Americans Shopped Online than at Stores over Black Friday Weekend

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  • It marks a major shift in customer habits

    Talk about a seminal moment in American culture.
    Some 103 million Americans shopped online over the Thanksgiving-Black Friday weekend, slightly more than the 102 million who went out to stores, according to the National Retail Federations’ Thanksgiving Weekend Survey conducted by Prosper Insights & Analytics.
    While there is no comparable data from 2014 from this year’s survey, it is reasonable to believe that this marks the first time e-commerce shoppers outnumbered brick-and-mortar customers during the biggest shopping weekend of the year, given the soaring growth of online sales: Adobe earlier said on Sunday that e-commerce sales rose 19% between Thanksgiving and Saturday to hit $6.1 billion.
    “It is clear that the age-old holiday tradition of heading out to stores with family and friends is now equally matched in the new tradition of looking online,” said NRF President and CEO Matthew Shay in a statement.
    Many brick-and-mortar retailers have seen their e-commerce business boom. Kohl’s  KSS -0.89% Chief Executive Kevin Mansell told Fortune on Friday that the department store had its two biggest online sales days ever last week.
    This year, stores have thrown their traditional Black Friday play books out the window, understanding once and for all that the consumers are going digital, and that Amazon.com  AMZN -0.31%  isn’t bound by store hours like they are.
    Best Buy  BBY -1.47% , Walmart  WMT -0.73% , and Target  TGT 0.38%  were among the many retailers to trot out Black Friday deals early on Thursday morning, hours before shoppers could access the same discounts in stores. And on Sunday, many retailers, including Walmart and J.C. Penney  JCP -0.73% , were offering their Cyber Monday deals, effectively turning the event into Cyber Sunday.
    “Everyone is doing their best to compete with Amazon, but Amazon is making it tough,” David Bassuk, managing director and co-head of the retail practice at AlixPartners, told Fortune. “The retailers need to have very powerful messages—we’re seeing more people glued to their laptops and mobile devices.”
    The increased shopper count doesn’t mean that e-commerce is outpacing in-store sales. To this day, physical stores account for 90% of retail sales. But the trend is indicative of how much shopper habits have changed, and woe to any retailer that doesn’t keep up.
    RetailNext estimated that in-store sales across the industry fell 1.5% on Thanksgiving and Black Friday. But retailers with strong e-commerce more than likely made up for that with online sales.
    “It’s become a week-long event. Digital demand is way up, it’s been exceeding our plan and it has dramatically accelerated,” Kohl’s CEO Mansell said in an interview on Friday.
    While we won’t know until the New Year how retailers fared, the NRF survey of 4,281 consumers found another bright spot: 151 million Americans went shopping in one form or another, well above the 136 million another Prosper had forecast two weeks ago.